The oil and gas industry is a complex, global sector involved in the extraction, refining, and distribution of petroleum and natural gas, which are crucial for powering economies. It is typically divided into three main segments: upstream (exploration and production), midstream (transportation and storage), and downstream (refining and marketing). The industry is capital-intensive, technologically driven, and faces challenges related to energy demand, price volatility, and the transition to lower-carbon energy sources. Industry segments Upstream: Involves finding and extracting crude oil and natural gas from reservoirs. This includes activities like geological surveys, acquiring land rights, and drilling (both onshore and offshore). Midstream: Focuses on the transportation and storage of oil and gas from production sites to refineries or end markets. This segment includes pipeline...